Basic assumptions
Motivate young people to take more interest in science in Tanzania, the debate has raised about how the government has decided to exercise its authority in the education sector take-off independence. The behavior of the UN strategies of restructuring are learner-centered instruction, better teaching materials and to ensure that staff and training. There is no room for a single theory of this paper is not to govern, as eclectic approach can be used to help, they are considered important in the philosophical concept of perspective.
Theories by the leadership of this paper are adopted, such as motivation can be used to make the learners’ interest in science are seen to awaken. Theories are motivated by a prominent behaviorist Abraham Maslow’s theory of learning by the constructivist paradigm leads with Piaget and Vygotsky, and proposed the theory of social cognition for the prominent developer Albert Bandura.
As Maslow (1954) said: “If we are to what really motivated us to focus and not what has or will have, or might motivate us, then a satisfied need is not a motivator.” In his opinion, and various other theories, can the motivation in the fundamental need to minimize physical pain and maximize pleasure to be rooted, or it can be specific needs such as food and rest, or a desired object, hobby, goal, state of Being perfect, or it can be attributed to less obvious reasons such as altruism, morality and mortality avoided. Motivation is of particular interest to school psychologists because of the crucial role it plays in student learning. Nonetheless, the specific kind of motivation that is studied in the context of special education high on the general form of motivation that psychologists have studied in other areas. The motivation in education can have several effects on how students learn and how they behave on the subject to the disciplines in our case. It can lead to certain behavioral goals that lead to increased energy expenditure and increase the initiation and persistence in activities that improve cognitive processing,. Find out intensify the consequences and lead to improved performance because students are not always intrinsically motivated, they sometimes need situated motivation, which is under environmental conditions that the teacher creates.
There are two types of motivation: First, the intrinsic motivation occurs when people are intrinsically motivated to do something because it brings them pleasure, they think it is important or they feel that they learn is important, and extrinsic motivation to the other play, if a student is forced to do something or act in a certain way because of external factors to him or his money or good evidence, such as (Wikipedia, 2008). Young people can be encouraged to carry out scientific subjects as a pleasure, when combined with quality, materials and sufficient enough to improve the situation through the competition to help science clubs, and any other situation, where awards will be made available for the best performance plans.Outwardly successful scientists and the best students in science, the celebration of Science and exhibitions will be invited to show their achievements.
There are views of motivation cognitive constructivists, stressing that human behavior through the way people think about themselves and their environment is affected. Is the direction that the behavior can be explained include four factors: the inherent necessity of a knowledge base organized and build logically related expectations for successful completion of a task, believed the factors to consider successes and failures, and beliefs about the nature of cognitive skills (Biehler / Snowman, 1997). The effects of the perspective of cognitive development is based on the principles of Jean Piaget, equilibration, assimilation, accommodation and training scheme. Piaget suggests that children maintain a firm desire to have a sense of organization and balance in their world (equilibration). A sense of balance to life when a child is a new experience assimilated through a relationship with an existing plan or child safety seats by modifying an existing plan, if the new experience to be different. In our case, then the love of science for young people can be built up from infancy through the management and the provision of simple experiments and observations on various topics and organizations.
In addition, persons using the new systems are due to an inherent desire to control their environment are included. This explains why young children can without loss of enthusiasm, singing the same song, tell the same story, and play the same game over and over again and why they continue to open and close doors to rooms and closets with no apparent purpose. This also explains why older children a great pleasure to collect and organize almost anything they can catch them and why young people who started to have reached formal operational thinking always say, take all the injustices in the world and how they removed (Stipek, 1993). This leaves room for these patterns in the interest of learning and scientific observation to be converted.
The theory of social cognition provides mutual determination as a key to learning and motivation. In this context, the environment, the behavior of an individual and the characteristics of the individual (eg, knowledge, emotions and cognitive development), which both influence and are influenced by each other two components. Bandura (1986, 1997) underlines the self-efficacy (the belief that a certain action say for science, that [our goals case], is possible and that can not afford the individual) and self (goals, developing a plan to achieve these objectivesto achieve, the commitment to implement this plan, the effective implementation of the plan and other actions of reflection and change or redirection.
Implementation of education POLICY
The first strategy is to deal with the implementation of effective policies. Tanzania’s education policy (Education and Training – ETP) highlights: include access, participation, gender and equity issues, the quality of internal efficiency, relevance and external efficiency and management, including governance, decentralization and resource management. It is one of the best strategies in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) as well as the World Bank (2005), with well-established strategic plans, but not yet implemented effectively.
Woods (2007) noted that the education system in Tanzania has been commendable progress in the period since 2000, to increase, including the introduction of free primary education in the measures taken to access secondary education and the introduction of the curriculum-based skills in primary and secondary education .However, there are still some challenges to system performance in terms of recording, repetition and completion in primary schools to improve and expand opportunities in the secondary of the base is already very low. Pre-service training and service does not improve the need for consistency among themselves and with the requirements of the changes in the system, in particular curriculum and pedagogy in science and technology. Particular attention should be paid to the fairness and the strengthening of financial management and the integration of the current project and programs. This must be promoted vigorously and be fully implemented. A focus strategy for capacity building for these and all other important dimensions (World Bank 2005) are needed. In this case there is no problem with the policy, the problem is with implementation.
TEACHER MOTIVATION
Taking into account the motivation department achieve the objectives of the problem that concerns teachers as a second strategy, the activities mainly on the teaching and learning materials should be addressed to meet. Educational resource also plays the lead role in ensuring maximum success in the arena of education. In recognition of the unique style of motivation can help to reverse the types of educational products and the problems that the respective needs (Tough, 1979).Thus teaching, are food, learning environment, reasonable payments and keep / recognition are important factors.
The students be the teachers that motivated the teachers, they must pass on to students are motivated. In addition to strengthening sufficiently prior to employment and training, capacity building and re-delivery, availability of teaching and learning materials in a single teacher morale and motivation needed. Struggle to find teaching and learning methods for themselves, discourage the lack of books and other support materials, teachers and promote the teaching and inadequate learning by rote. Ibid (1979) pointed out that each can be easily distracted from the task and are more motivated to do something else might not get the job done.
Teachers need to prepare in the laboratory with appropriate equipment and demonstrate a laboratory technician practice and an assistant. In the past, when schools were rare, have a science teacher, a laboratory work and there was also a laboratory technician to work together (Guardian, 2009). Laboratory is mandatory for all scientific disciplines, there is no way, without their availability. But do these days in some schools, and teachers of natural sciences are not laboratories, conduct experiments, and there are no lab technician to support the teachers.
Improving the learning environment are water and sanitation, housing. Research has shown that many teachers have no houses, and those living in houses which are often in need of repair and most schools in very poor physical environment to live.The challenges of school improvement in rural areas are associated with the presence of teachers, but many rural schools in Tanzania, as in other countries, “the poor are to have great difficulty in attracting and retaining qualified teachers and inadequate management systems their small size “(ADEA, 2006)
Pay appropriate content reform in the other set of mental and physical needs of teachers and to focus, motivate their work accordingly. Teachers’ low salaries is a burning issue, and recently performed at regular intervals strikes. In most developing countries, including Tanzania, the teachers’ salaries are significantly below the level necessary in order to ensure sufficient motivation (Fry, 2003). The government should find the revision of the reform of teacher salaries and solutions that may otherwise arise or persist on academic fraud. If teachers sell classes or contact the student for tuition to pay, most observers agree that the corruption. But it’s tolerated because everyone understands the need to survive (Fontana, 2008). Practices can be interpreted by some as adapting an appropriate response to a difficult situation.In some cases, it is tolerated by the government that he is the only way to keep the number of teachers, and considers the quality of education.
It is necessary to train and retain enough teachers. Learning is a process of interaction between teachers and students, because they both participate in the learning process, but with more weight given to teachers to lead the way for the recommended number of students in the class. Learning performance substantially (ADEA, 2006), “motivated by the class teachers to teach to practice what they have learned to be determined.” But the motivation of teachers is crucial unknown factor in all levels of policy decisions, including overcrowded classrooms (Ndaw, 1997).Teacher Motivation helps to keep their jobs and also “material and spiritual needs” as the payment on its own does not increase the motivation of the teachers are probably for financial reasons, however, dominant in teachers in less developed countries. In SSA, teacher motivation is low, and it was at the expense of the quality of education “(Fry, 2003).
Motivation of learners
Motivation of learners, as the third strategy should be applied in approaches such as the emphasis of the demonstration, case study and problem-based learning. Or, if the transaction had been introduced to increase the goal, the interests of students in learning science topics. Also a useful concept mapping would be given to the evaluation, especially for the development of student self-management of learning skills and learning.
Demonstration that an approach is very useful to generate interest. After Lagowski (1990) Students receive 10% of what they read, 26% of what they hear, 30% of what they see, 50% of what they see and hear, 70% say they , and 90% something they say they do something. So show when teachers that many events as possible for students and pupils have their own demonstrations, students learn more actively and effectively. Students must also be demonstrations of more positive and realistic view of the possibilities and limits of science and scientists.
Stories from the historical sciences is one of the methods that can be used elsewhere, including in remote areas and costs nothing. According to Huo (2006) Development of science and technology can not be separated from the contributions of past scientists. The stories of science will inspire students to overcome difficulties and succeed. While giving the relevant history will spark student motivation within. Only the inner motivation of the students show their creative abilities and initiative in their learning and work. For example, “Professor Newton at the age of 25 years in the University of Glasgow and recently he formulated the law of gravity.”
Approach to multimedia technology can be used in areas where permits are applied. Although it is expensive and requires the availability of food for schools that can afford it, is also recommended. With the development of multimedia computer technology methods are increasingly used in educational practice. A multimedia course can combine sound and image with the knowledge. This fact, supported the students 50% of what they see and hear to keep, such as the use of multimedia technology to offer students more information than just the writing on the blackboard, and increase the chances of active learning (ibid .). On the other hand, it can also be boring conference for students, if given too much unnecessary information, or if, if you use the projector, the light is too low in the classroom. To avoid this, the teacher can be combined with other strategies and gives students more opportunities to reflect and ask questions.
Case study is another interesting approach to teaching and learning and also for free. The science is very important for our real life. It would be interesting to find some real cases before the teacher gives a lecture. If the students find what they are learning is useful for society, they will be active learners (Lagowski, 1990). Case studies are able to come with a range of styles, they can (not replace) to complement other pedagogical approaches and focus on topics visit again instead of trying to cover a complete curriculum. In addition, contexts and styles of delivery can be chosen to be stimulating. It is therefore important that the importance of science and its relevance to student lives stress.
Problem-based learning (PBL) is an educational approach to recent advances in cognitive research on human learning (Barrows, 1985) is based. PBL has been used extensively in undergraduate settings in Western countries, but there is very little published on the application of PBL in science education in developing countries like Tanzania. A class of PBL is to collaborative problem-solving activities organized to offer a context for learning and discovery. The responsibility for learning with the students, not with the agent. There are five clearly defined steps in the process of PBL: introduction, survey, self-learning, revisiting assumptions and self-assessment (Ram, 1999). This approach in higher education can be introduced, but it is expensive, he returned to education is important.
Research shows that students do not like tests and, if their brand is too weak, it can reduce their confidence to continue learning. It may also not have major problems can not be acquired and the skills that students (Huo, 2006). It is best to other methods to complete the tests. Concept mapping is an alternative: You can show the teacher how many students knew and how they did not know, and students can assess their own learning. I do not claim checks are eliminated completely, but they can be reduced in number in the levels of education. The elimination of the national evaluation of primary standard IV and Form II National Examination in the O-level is the exact instance. Mapping concept was developed by Professor Joseph D. Novak at Cornell University in the 1960s. The concept map is a tool for representing knowledge in the form of a graph.
